More Images of the devastating oil spill reaching the marshes of Louisiana.


http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2010/05/oil_reaches_louisiana_shores.html

Drill Baby Drill...

The devastating effects that offshore oil drilling has had on the Gulf of Mexico.

http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2010/05/disaster_unfolds_slowly_in_the.html

Oil Slick

http://www.liveleak.com/view?i=524_1273510578

More Sources

McDonagh Deana, Paul Hekkert, Jeroen van Erp, Diane Gyi. Design and emotion : the experience of everyday things. Publisher/Date: London ; New York : Taylor & Francis, 2004. Description: xvi, 456 p. : ill. ; 25 cm. Subjects: Industrial design --Congresses. Human engineering --Congresses.

Valicenti, Rick, and Thirst (Firm). Emotion as promotion. Monacelli Pr, 2005. Print.
-

Human communication through Graphic Design

As technology has become more advanced, the ways to communicate are endless. People do not have to be in each others presence to communicate. With new social networking systems emotion is being expressed without body language and human to human contact. This thesis will explore how graphic design can benefit and grow from learning how people are able to express their emotions through technology.

More Sources

The main goal of this paper is to identify critical factors that are closely related to the aesthetic fidelity of web pages, which is defined as the degree to which users feel the target impressions intended by designers. In order to achieve our goal, we have conducted three consecutive studies: an exploratory study with web users, a longitudinal experiment with professional web designers, and finally an online survey with web users. The results from the three studies indicated that the variability of user perception and appropriateness of visual elements were closely related to the aesthetic fidelity of web pages, whereas reliability of aesthetic dimensions was not. This paper ends with the limitations and implications of the study results.

Article Outline

1. Introduction
2. Theory

2.1. Aesthetic fidelity and secondary emotion
2.2. Reliability of aesthetic dimensions
2.3. Variability of user perception
2.4. Appropriateness of visual elements

3. Preliminary study

3.1. Experimental materials
3.2. Survey procedure
3.3. Analysis and results

4. Longitudinal experiment

4.1. Experimental design and procedure
4.2. Data analysis

5. Online survey

5.1. Survey methods and procedure
5.2. Survey data
5.3. Aesthetic fidelity of the web pages

6. Test results of the three hypotheses

6.1. Reliability of aesthetic dimensions
6.2. Variability of user perception
6.3. Appropriateness of graphical elements

7. Conclusion and discussion
Acknowledgements
References


http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V0D-4BF0GNS-1&_user=1025668&_coverDate=04/30/2004&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1274676402&_rerunOrigin=scholar.google&_acct=C000050549&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=1025668&md5=fe39cfb4fa22ccf23b4a60cc8a100285


Expressing emotion in electronic mail
Author(s):
Kevin Curran, Michelle Casey
Journal:
Kybernetes
Year:
2006
Volume:
35
Issue:
5
Page:
616 - 631
ISSN:
0368-492X
10.1108/03684920610662368
Publisher:
Emerald Group Publishing Limited

The Humanity of Animals and the Animality of Humans

The Humanity of Animals and the Animality of Humans: A View from Biological Anthropology Inspired by... more
Agustin Fuentes
American Anthropologist, New Series, Vol. 108, No. 1 (Mar., 2006), pp. 124-132
Published by: Blackwell Publishing on behalf of the American Anthropological Association

his novel "Elizabeth Costello" (2003), J. M. Coetzee's title character espouses philosophical perspectives on cruelty and the human condition in a series of fictionalized lectures. In particular, she takes on the question of human cruelty to animals. As novelist, Coetzee relies on lyrical statements about the nature of cruelty, analogies between the atrocities of fascism and factory farms, and ethical elitism to address these issues.

Woman Arrested for Burning Dogs

Franklin - A Johnson County woman is behind bars accused of dousing her own dogs with gasoline and then burning them. The woman now faces two felony counts of animal cruelty.

http://www.wthr.com/global/story.asp?s=12165377

Another Possible Thesis Idea

So I have been thinking, well more like smashing my head against my desk at work, trying to come up with something that I am truly passionate about. Then it hit me. Something that I am extremely passoinate about is animals. Particularily in the safety and well being of animals. Most people have no idea what happens to many outdoor pets that are not fixed and what happens to their offspring and pets that are left on the streets. Also what happens to many animals when taken into pounds, sanctuaries and organizations such as PETA.

I have not decided if i want to include information such as the clubbing of baby seals, and the markets in which thousands of animals are killed and sold for money.

End Results:
1)Logo
2)Inetractive informative Website
3)Books on how to properly care for your pet
4) Awareness Posters

Interactive Information Website
http://interactive.nfb.ca/waterlife/

The Psychobiological Model: Towards a New Theory of Computer-Mediated Communication Based on Darwinian Evolution
Author(s): Ned Kock
Source: Organization Science, Vol. 15, No. 3 (May - Jun., 2004), pp. 327-348
Published by: INFORMS
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/30034736

The model proposes that there is a negative causal link between the "naturalness" of a computer-mediated communication medium, which is the similarity of the medium to the face-to-face medium, and the cognitive effort required from an individual using the medium for knowledge transfer. The model also states that this link is counterbalanced by what are referred to as "schema alignment" and "cognitive adaptation." The schema alignment construct refers to the similarity between the mental schemas of an individual and those of other participant(s).

Readings 5

Why Can't Designers Think

Michael Bierut

-take part in fields of interest that their clients are involved in

-Designers get to have conversation, about Real estate, Science or whatever their clients are involved in

-there are several design schools popping up around, young people have decided that they could to be successful in design.

-There are two different types of schools, process schools and portfolio schools.

-portfolio schools focus on creating a portfolio right when the student is done school and is ready for a job.

-process schools focus on exercises that build the designers skills.

-Proffs from these portfolio schools are working in the field and find that small excersises do not relate to real life experience.

I agree with this article, however both types of schools, come with setbacks. Without learning the basics, the easy escersises, students do not have a strong foundation for design. Students however in process schools, end up with no portfolio. This means the student needs to take the time and build their own. This could result in not getting a job right out of school.

I come to bury Graphic Design

Kenneth Fitzgerald

-We should be resigned to never achieving full regard for expert design production, The reason is that as the non-designer public become converts to design’s message, the conversion is total.

-The design connoisseur will become a designer—and by all measures, a good one, too. The situation is analogous to why it’s impossible to surpass the speed of light. The additional energy that is input to increase acceleration is progressively converted to mass.

-We seek a society where everyone is making art, being creative.

-If everyone is an artist or designer, than no one is as well.

-Interest in “undesigned” design has also increased recently. This approach isn’t anti-design, as it doesn’t mock the field’s concerns. It is puritan, invoking what is thought of as an essential form purged of visual rhetoric and subjectivity.

-The movie did not work.

Body Language Speaks Volumes

How to read body language

Up to 93 % of communication is non-verbal. Including tone of voice, eye movement, posture, hand gestures, facial expressions and more.

The eyes communicate more than any other part of the human anatomy.

Eyebrow muscle draws the eyebrows down and toward the center of the face if someone is annoyed. If someone is empathetic and caring during dialogue the eyebrows will not show the annoyed facial grimace.

The smile: There are 50 or so different types of human smiles.

Bodily cues are the most reliable of all nonverbal signals of deception to help you read body language. This is because a person generally has less conscious control over these than other signals. (Springer, 1996; Ekman & Friesen, 1974). Hand-to-face gestures and shrugs are strong markers of deception. Playing with or touching things nearby during conversations has been found to be associated with deception (Cody & O'Hair, 1983). Deceivers also are likely to have increased illustrator activity--quick and animated use of hands/arms during speech.

Gestures communicate. Hand signals can communicate without the use of any speech. Touching communicates. Touching can be friendly or it can be aggressive.

http://www.positive-way.com/body.htm

So I am pretty lost with my thesis right now. I just do not know how to make the connection between graphic design and human communication. The topic is pretty broad so I am trying break it down to make it more simple. However I feel lost.

There are so many components, like using this blog for example is now a form of communication, twitter, my space, are all forms of communication. However you cannot see facial expression or body language yet dating sites are very popular. How can you really know a person without being able to see emotion in their body and face.

Readings Week 4

Michael Bierut
On (Design) Bullshit
Design Observer 3.0: Observatory: Design Observer

-This artcile states that you must have a purpose for making design decisions.

"Before I could commit to a design decision, I needed to have an intellectual rationale worked out in my mind."

"It put aside arguments about taste; it helped them make the leap of faith that any design decision requires; it made the design understandable to wider audiences."

Calling bullshit on a designer, then, stings all the more because it contains an element of accuracy.

- the client will approve decisions that make sense to them, if you cannot say why you picked it, the client will not buy into it
-also you cannot just do something because you "like" it, that is no longer good enough.

WONDERS REVEALED: DESIGN AND FAUX SCIENCE
Jessica Helfand and William Drenttel from Michael Bierut, William Drenttel, and Steven Heller,
Looking Closer 5: Critical Writings on Graphic Design, Volume 5 (New York: Allworth Press, 2006)

For design—a profession that once prided itself on translating form into content—such ignorance is alarming, and the false piety is disturbingly ingenuous.

In a very real sense, science is the connective tissue linking past to present to future, and in this context, its relationship to visual communication is critical.

Filtered through design’s brutally neutralizing style engine, contemporary design is
anesthetized and stripped of its indigenous qualities: Science, in this context, is a graphic placebo.

“Science,” wrote Heidegger, “is one of the most essential phenomena of the mod age.” It’s
hygienic and objective, rational and finite, grounded in numerical certain and cosmological
reason.

Science is all about clarity and specificity and rationalism

We grasp its formal conceits—its systematic language of documentation, its methodical alignments—and parlay them into a visual language that resonates with kick-ass authority.

Information design has become its own legitimizing force, regardless of its content or context. It’s modernism run amok: form masquerading as content.

From appropriation came inspiration, a postmodern culture of juxtaposition and pastiche. Because the vernacular belonged to everyone, it resonated as real, familiar, and accessible.

Science represents an enormous opportunity for designers, but not if their contributions
remain fundamentally restricted by what they know

Graphic Design Thesis- a survivors guide
Michael Vanderbyle

Thesis-complex intersection between personal voice, conceptual understanding, and the ability to conduct and use research effectively in the service of creating public communication

description of classes

thesis is the culmination of your design education a CCAC
-created my michael Vanderbyl to challenge and broaden our understanding of what it means to be a designer

The Thesis Proposal
-is a proposition or argument- which you intend too support through your research
-thesis proposal is a map for the semester
sentence 1- proposition
Sentence 2-investigation
Sentence 3-map

Bad thesis- has no point, no argument it is merely and investigation


tips-
1. what interests you
2. make sure you have a point
3.do not base proposal on the obvious
4. develop system for note taking
5. footnotes
6. avoid pseudo science
7.ineterviewing friends about topic has no merit

-must have a thesis process book

-topic can be food and the proposal may suck
-tape or record midterm crit
-take responsibility for what you want to ask
-if you thesis is not working at midterm you should think about dropping the course

8 Logo Design Ideas

I needed some inspiration on this cold Wednesday.

http://www.graphicdesignblog.org/logo-design-ideas/

Possible Thesis Idea

Another possible Thesis Idea is Personality In design.

Everyone has a very unique and distinct personality. In design, people are not supposed to pick a style. How does design influence someones personality or vice versa? What is a style and are designers supposed to have one. If designers are not supposed to have a style, why is it everyone is inclined to like certain styles.

Is it culture, or how people are raised, or even the music styles they are intrested in?

Possible Sources:

The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, Vol. 10, No. 1 (Sep., 1951), pp. 10-25
Published by: Blackwell Publishing on behalf of The American Society for Aesthetics

Tom Gormley, Peter Masters, George Hornby, Milton Glaser and Pieter Brattinga
Design Quarterly, No. 94/95, Second Federal Design Assembly: The Design Reality (1975), pp. 38-41

Dissociations, Developmental Psychology, and Pedagogical Design
Angeline Lillarde Child Development, Vol. 77, No. 6 (Nov. - Dec., 2006), pp. 1563-1567
Published by: Blackwell Publishing on behalf of the Society for Research in Child Development

Wikipedia-Body Language

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_language

Understanding body language

The technique of 'reading' people is used frequently. For example, the idea of mirroring body language to put people at ease is commonly used in interviews. Mirroring the body language of someone else indicates that they are understood.

Body language signals may have a goal other than communication. Both people would keep this in mind. Observers limit the weight they place on non-verbal cues. Signalers clarify their signals to indicate the biological origin of their actions.

Physical Expression

Physical expressions like waving, pointing, touching and slouching are all forms of nonverbal communication. The study of body movement and expression is known as kinesics. Humans move their bodies when communicating because, it helps "ease the mental effort when communication is difficult."

Physical expressions reveal many things about the person using them. For example, gestures can emphasize a point or relay a message, posture can reveal boredom or great interest, and touch can convey encouragement or caution.

One of the most basic and powerful body-language signals is when a person crosses his or her arms across the chest. This can indicate that a person is putting up an unconscious barrier between themselves and others. It can also indicate that the person's arms are cold which would be clarified by rubbing the arms or huddling.

Consistent eye contact can indicate that a person is thinking positively of what the speaker is saying. It can also mean that the other person doesn't trust the speaker enough to "take his eyes off" the speaker.

Lack of eye contact can indicate negativity. On the other hand, individuals with anxiety disorders are often unable to make eye contact without discomfort.

Eye contact is often a secondary and misleading gesture because we are taught from an early age to make eye contact when speaking.

Or if while making direct eye contact a person is fiddling with something, even while directly looking at you, it could indicate the attention is elsewhere.

Also there are three standard areas that a person will look which represent different states of being. If the person looks from one eye to the other then to the forehead it is a sign that they are taking an authoritative position. If they move from one eye to the other then to the nose, that signals that they are engaging in what they consider to be a "level conversation" with neither party holding superiority. The last case is from one eye to the other and then down to the lips. This is a strong indication of romantic feelings.

Disbelief is often indicated by averted gaze, or by touching the ear or scratching the chin. When a person is not being convinced by what someone is saying, the attention invariably wanders, and the eyes will stare away for an extended period.

Boredom is indicated by the head tilting to one side, or by the eyes looking straight at the speaker but becoming slightly unfocused. A head tilt may also indicate a sore neck or Amblyopia, and unfocused eyes may indicate ocular problems in the listener.

Interest can be indicated through posture or extended eye contact, such as standing and listening properly.

Evolution of Facial Expression

R. J. AndrewScience, New Series, Vol. 142, No. 3595 (Nov. 22, 1963), pp. 1034-1041

SkinoGraphie

http://www.ignant.de/2009/05/15/skinographie/

Week 3 Readings

THE REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

(extracted from Judith Bell, Doing your Research Project: A guide for first-time researchers in

education, health and social science, 4th ed, Open University Press, London, 2005)

-Hart considers a literature review important because

without it you will not acquire an understanding of your topic, of what has already been done on it, how it has been researched, and what the key issues are. In your written project you will be expected to show that you understand previous research on your topic.

-In Hart’s view, ‘the review is therefore a part of your academic development – of becoming an

expert in the field’ (p. 1). …

-Reveiw should provide reader with a picture, and the major questions on the topic.

As Polit and Hungler point out:

-Frameworks are efficient mechanisms for drawing together and summarizing accumulated facts .

-The linkage of findings into a coherent structure makes the body of accumulated knowledge more accessible and, thus, more useful both to practitioners who seek to implement findings and to researchers who seek to extend the knowledge base. (Polit and Hungler 1995: 101)

Theoretical Framework- an explanatory device ‘which explains either graphically or in

narrative form, the main to be studied – the key factors, constructs or variables – and the presumed relationships among them.

The Gilbert Fan review

- he had to decide on specific topics which were of particular interest to him and under which he could group his findings.

-Gilbert made a good job of categorizing his findings under the five main headings, each of which had sub-headings.

The review of the literature checklist

1. Evidence of reading will always be required in any research.

2. Researchers collect many facts but then must select, organize and classify findings into a

coherent pattern.

3. Your framework will not only provide a map of how the research will be conducted and

analysed but it will also give you ideas about a structure for your review.

4. Literature reviews should be succinct and, as far as is possible in a small study, should

give a picture of the state of knowledge and of major questions in your topic area.

5. Ensure that all references are complete. Note the page numbers of any quotations and

paraphrases of good ideas.

6. Watch your language. Perhaps inferences may be drawn, but ‘proof’ is hard to come by

when dealing with human beings.

7. Examine your sources critically before you decide to use them.

8. Remember that unless you are comparing like with like, you can make no claims for

comparability.

9. Do not be tempted to leave out any reports of research merely because they differ from

your own findings.

10. Start the first draft of your review early in your reading. Many more drafts will be

required before you have a coherent and ‘critical’ account but better to start small and

then build on your first attempt than to have to make sense of everything you have read

at one attempt.

Know it All Can Wikipedia conquer Expertise?

Stacy Schiff

The New Yorker, July 31st, 2006

Anyone with internet access can create a Wikipedia entry or edit one. The site has hundreds of thousands of contributers

-functions as a filter for vast amount of information

-2003 Wikipedia became a non-profit organization.

-is offered in over 200 languages

-Whales for encyclopedia was the World Book.

-it was originally supposed to be scholarly articles subjected to a seven step review process. Whales being out of school for several years felt like he was doing homework and being judged.

-May be the worlds most ambitious vanity press

-In a survey Wikipedia had four errors for every three of Brittanica's

THE NEWS BUSINESS OUT OF PRINT

The death and life of the American newspaper.

by Eric Alterman

MARCH 31, 2008

The American newspaper has been around for approximately three hundred years.

-It really was not until 1721, when the printer James Franklin launched the New England Courant, that any of Britain’s North American colonies saw what we might recognize today as a real newspaper.

-Three centuries after the appearance of Franklin’s Courant, it no longer requires a dystopic imagination to wonder who will have the dubious distinction of publishing America’s last genuine newspaper.

-The rise of the Internet, which has made the daily newspaper look slow and unresponsive; the advent of Craigslist, which is wiping out classified advertising––have created a palpable sense of Arianna Huffington questions newspapers’“veneer of unassailable trustworthiness.”

-Independent, publicly traded American newspapers have lost forty-two per cent of their market value in the past three years, according to the media entrepreneur Alan Mutter.

-Until recently, newspapers were accustomed to operating as high-margin monopolies. To own the dominant, or only, newspaper in a mid-sized American city was, for many decades, a kind of license to print money.

-Taking its place, of course, is the Internet, which is about to pass newspapers as a source of political news for American readers.

-On the Huffington Post, Peretti explains, news is not something handed down from above but “a shared enterprise

between its producer and its consumer.”

-Though Huffington has a news staff (it is tiny, but the hope is to expand in the future), the vast majority of the stories that it features originate elsewhere, whether in print, on television, or on someone’s video camera or cell phone.

Group Meeting 2

1) Who Toronto Hires for Re-Branding
2) What type of research was involved in the Rebranding of Lib. Village
3) What has changed from Old Lib. Village to New Lib. Vill
4) What do local residents think?
5) What do surrounding residents think?

Methods of Getting Data:

-Interview questions
-Photo Gathering
-History of Liberty Village
-City of T.O policies on branding [URBAN DEVELOPMENT]
-Observations of Liberty Village today
-Nightlife/Activities/Utilities
-Stats on Lib. Village

Everyone's Rolls:

Troy: History of Liberty Village
Haomin: Toronto Policies
Marissa: Interview questions
Jen: Who Toronto Hires
Kenny- Stats on Lib. Village current and past

For this week go to Liberty Village, get your research done.

First Group Meeting Jan 21, 2010

How to rebrand an existing community?

What are the pros and cons of rebranding a neighborhood?

-Reference older neighborhoods, focus on one neighborhood.

-Liberty Village

-Research on past neighborhoods, look at how to

Why are some areas better than others, why can you cross a street and find a pocket of crappy neighborhood.

How effective is the rebranding of neighborhoods and how does it effect the residents already living there.

Research Portion:

History of Rebranding neighborhoods in Toronto, have they been successful.

-Case studies of successes and failed compare and contrast.

-Look into rebranding of liberty village.

-Original history of liberty village.

-General process of rebranding.

-steps taken to reconstruct and what it looks like today.

-Who Toronto Hires to rebranding?

-Do they do the research?

-What area do they choose to get rebranded

-How do peoples ideas change after the rebranding.

http://www.thestar.com/News/GTA/article/689148

http://www.cp24.com/servlet/an/local/CTVNews/20090901/090901_dangerous_neighbourhoods/20090901/?hub=CP24Home

http://www.toronto.ca/revitalization/regent_park/pdf/regentpark_sdp-part2_sept_16.pdf

Thesis Topic

The Study Of Body Language and how Human Interaction relates to Graphic Design.

I had a meeting with Keith Rushton today. It went well we discussed that I need to come up questions surrounding my thesis:

How do humans interact?
How can humans interact without words?
How does body language get across certain meanings?
How do animals interact?

With print becoming less and less relevant and web based media becoming more popular, the human body and human interaction are becoming obsolete. I want to start looking into social media, such as facebook, MSN, twitter and blackberries.

People communicate through, sight, smell, hearing, feeling and touching. How can designers communicate to our best ability using only sight. How will human interaction change as web based media takes over.

Some topics of research I will be exploring will be:
Psychology
Visual Learning
Ethnography
Human Development
Animal Interaction

Vegetable art= AWESOME!

http://fruitpics.weebly.com/

Research Methodologies Reading No.2

Investigating Design: A Review of Forty Years of Design Research

by Nigan Bayazi

Design research is systematic inquiry whose goal is knowledge of, or in, the embodiment of configuration, composition, structure, purpose, value, and meaning in man-made things

and systems.” 1

Design research tries to answer the obligations of design to the humanities:

1. Design research is concerned with the physical embodiment

of man-made things, how these things perform their jobs,

and how they work.

2. Design research is concerned with construction as a human

activity, how designers work, how they think, and how they

carry out design activity.

3. Design research is concerned with what is achieved at the

end of a purposeful design activity, how an artificial thing

appears, and what it means.

4. Design research is concerned with the embodiment of

configurations.

5. Design research is a systematic search and acquisition of

knowledge related to design and design activity.

The objectives of design research are the study, research, and investigation

First Generation

-During the 1960s, it became evident that designers no longer could rely solely on their ability to focus upon the product as the center of a design task.

- The methods were very simple

-Design methods people were looking at rational methods of incorporating scientific techniques and knowledge into the design process to make rational decisions to adapt to the prevailing values, something that was not always easy to achieve.

-People like Churchman had warned at least eight or ten years

earlier of the consequences of the illegitimate simplifications of the

first generation design techniques.

Second Generation

-These second-generation design methods began

to compensate for the inadequacy of the first-generation design

methods. User involvement in design decisions and the identification

of their objectives were the main characteristics of the second-

generation design methods.

“All design research reports are related to the history or past activity of the subject area under study. Studies of the present are part of the past because every research report has to prove its roots in the past.”

Method Designing: The Paradox of Modern Design Education

Jessica Helfand

“…it was all about a kind of stripped-down emotional honesty. If you could achieve this honesty, your performance would resonate with a kind of pitch-perfect humanity and you had a far better chance of truly engaging your audience as a result.”

You cannot make your work understood only by yourself. Graphic Design is meant to be about communication and you cannot just communicate to yourself.

The Problem: The Heart of the Research Process

Paul D. Leedy

Leedy is discussing how to pick a thesis topic:

-Should not be a ruse for self enlightenment.

-Should not be picking this topic just to fill a gap in your knowledge

-You cannot compare two sets of data

-Yes or No questions are not suitable research questions

Finding a Legitimate Problem:

-Look around you: Questions need to be answered

-Read the literature

-Attend the professional conferences

-Seek the Advice of Experts

-Choose a topic that intrigues and motivates you

Stating Research Problem:

-State problem clearly and concisely: Anyone should be able to read it

-How feasible is the project

-Say what you mean

-Edit Your work

The Landscape of Graphic Design Education

Meredith Davis

AIGA Design Education Conference

Schools of Thoughts 2

Poised Toward the Future of Graphic Design Education

March 4-6, 2005

Designers must evolve within the field and also it's place in society. It is not the time spent in class, but the experiences that each student gains and also the immersion within the work discipline. This article argues what distinguishes a professional graphic design education from a pre-professional graphic design education. Art and design courses only cover about 65% of the curriculum. It is considered a "professional lite curriculum". Students who have strong backgrounds in liberal studies have interesting perspectives on audiences and context within design.

Graphic design has witnessed change over the decades. There are more students than jobs available. Graduate studies are not that different from undergraduate studies and master students are often put in the same class. The need is now greater for students to complete 4 year programs instead of colleges that offer 2 year programs. There is a greater need to incorporate liberal studies into the design programs.

Part 1 The Fundamentals: What is research

Leedy/ Omrod

-Suggests an activity that is removed from everyday life.

What research is not:

1) not mere information gathering

-going to the library may be information discovery.

2) Not the transportation of facts.

-such as writing an essay

3) Not rummaging for facts

4)Not a catchword to get attention

What research is:

- collecting analyzing and interpreting information in order to understand what we are interested in

1) originates with a question or problem

-looking at things in everyday life. Asking why they are or are not the way they are.

2) research requires clear articulation of a goal

3) requires a specific plan for proceeding

-plan overall research design

-specific search methods

4) research usually divides the principal problem into more manageable sub problems

-main problems to sub problems

5) guided by the specific problem question or hypotheseis

-hypthesis logical supposition, a reasonable guess, they are constant

6) accepts certain critical assumptions

7) requires the collection and interpretation of data in an attempt to resolve the problem that initiated the research

GD Education as a Liberal Art: Design and Knowledge in the University and the "Real World".

Gunnar Swanson

Schools are training for GD's

-gd has potential because of it's lack of specific subject matter to connect to many disciplines

-reconsider graphic design as a liberal arts subject

-concept of liberal arts was first delineated by Aristotle

-LB has four point

1) they are not mechanical

2) they are not utilitarian - they have intrinsic calue

3) there must be no specializing that would would restrict the mind

must be undertaken for its intrisic value, not merely to earn a living or to impress others.

-harvard instituted the elective system, with the purpose of allowing students to move in the direction of their future careers

-main purpose is the production of college teachers with doctoral degrees while producing scholarly research that is not solely utilitarian.